Paleontologists on Wednesday unveiled the fossilized bones of one of many strangest whales in historical past. The 39-million-year-old leviathan, known as Perucetus, might have weighed about 200 tons, as a lot as a blue whale — by far the heaviest animal recognized, till now.
Whereas blue whales are modern, fast-swimming divers, Perucetus was a really totally different beast. The researchers suspect that it drifted lazily by way of shallow coastal waters like a mammoth manatee, propelling its sausage-like physique with a paddle-shaped tail.
Some consultants cautioned that extra bones must be found earlier than a agency estimate of Perucetus’s weight could possibly be made. However all of them agreed that the weird discover would change the best way paleontologists noticed the evolution of whales from land mammals.
“It is a bizarre and stupendous fossil, for certain,” stated Nicholas Pyenson, a paleontologist on the Smithsonian Nationwide Museum of Pure Historical past, who was not concerned within the examine. “It’s clear from this discovery that there are such a lot of different methods of being a whale that we have now not but found.”
Mario Urbina, a paleontologist on the Museum of Pure Historical past on the Nationwide College of San Marcos in Lima, Peru, first set eyes on Perucetus in 2010. He was strolling throughout the Atacama Desert in southern Peru when he observed a rocky bump bulging out of the sand. When he and his colleagues completed digging it out, the lump proved to be a big vertebra.
Digging additional, the researchers discovered 13 vertebrae in complete, together with 4 ribs and a part of a pelvis. Apart from the pelvis, all of the fossils have been remarkably dense and unusually thickened, making it laborious to determine what sort of animal they belonged to.
Solely the pelvis revealed precisely what the scientists had discovered. In contrast to the opposite bones, the pelvis was small and delicately fashioned. It had crests and different distinctive options that exposed it to be a whale’s — specifically, from an early department of the evolutionary tree of whales.
Whales advanced from dog-sized land mammals about 50 million years in the past. A few of the earliest species advanced quick limbs and most definitely led a seal-like existence, trying to find fish after which hauling themselves onto the shore to breed.
These early whales disappeared after just a few million years. They have been changed by a bunch of fully aquatic whales known as basilosaurids. These slinky beasts may develop so long as a college bus however retained vestiges of their life on land — together with tiny hind legs, full with toes.
Basilosaurids dominated the oceans till about 35 million years in the past. As they turned extinct, one other group of whales emerged, giving rise to the ancestors of dwelling whales.
Right this moment’s largest whales, like blue whales and fin whales, solely reached their gargantuan sizes up to now few million years. Shifts in ocean currents supported huge populations of krill and different invertebrates close to the poles. The whales may develop immense by scooping up these prey on lunging dives.
The pelvis of Perucetus revealed it to be a basilosaurid, however the whale had advanced right into a basilosaurid not like any discovered earlier than. Eli Amson, an skilled on bone tissue on the State Museum of Pure Historical past in Stuttgart, Germany, discovered that its ribs and backbone had additional layers of outer bone, giving them bloated shapes.
A typical bone is filled with pores, which make it lighter with out sacrificing power. Dr. Amson noticed that the bones of Perucetus have been stable all through. The fossil is so laborious in elements that it might be unimaginable to drive a nail into it with a hammer.
“It will make nothing however sparks,” he stated.
Dr. Amson and his colleagues made three-dimensional scans of the fossil bones to be able to reconstruct the whale’s full skeleton. They in contrast Perucetus to different basilosaurids which have been preserved from head to tail.
If the remainder of Perucetus have been a denser, thickened model of those whales, its full skeleton would weigh between 5.8 and eight.3 tons. That may imply Perucetus had the heaviest skeleton of any mammal — bones that have been twice as heavy as a blue whale’s.
That cumbersome skeleton additionally means that Perucetus had a thick, barrel-like physique. Regardless that Perucetus was solely about two-thirds the size of a blue whale, Dr. Amson and his colleagues suspect that it weighed about the identical.
“It’s undoubtedly within the blue whale ballpark,” Dr. Amson stated.
Dr. Pyenson, of the Smithsonian Nationwide Museum of Pure Historical past, thought it was untimely to make such an estimate. “Till we discover the remainder of the skeleton, I feel we must always shelve the heavyweight-contender difficulty,” he stated.
However Hans Thewissen, a paleontologist at Northeast Ohio Medical College, who was not concerned within the examine, stated the estimate was affordable. “I agree with the thrill across the weight,” he stated.
The fossil means that Perucetus reached such an enormous measurement with out feeding as blue whales do. The evaluation of its bones suggests it lived extra like a gargantuan manatee.
Manatees graze on sea grass on the ocean ground. Their lungs are stuffed with air, and their guts produce gasoline as they ferment their meals. To remain underwater, manatees have advanced dense bones as ballast.
The construction of Perucetus’s backbone is just like that of a manatee. Dr. Amson envisioned the whale swimming in a manatee type, slowly elevating and decreasing its tail.
Based mostly on the rocks the place the fossils have been discovered, Dr. Amson and his colleagues suspect that Perucetus moved slowly by way of coastal waters no deeper than 150 toes. However how they fueled their large our bodies continues to be a thriller.
Dr. Amson stated it was potential that Perucetus additionally consumed sea grass, however that might make it the primary herbivorous whale recognized to science. “We deem it unlikely, however who is aware of?” he stated.
Dr. Amson even imagines Perucetus probably dwelling as a scavenger, selecting over carcasses.
Against this, Dr. Thewissen favored the concept these whales scooped up mud from the ocean ground to eat the worms and shellfish it contained — one thing that grey whales do as we speak.
The top of Perucetus would have variations for whichever lifestyle it pursued. “I’d like to see the cranium of this man,” Dr. Thewissen stated.
Nevertheless it made a dwelling, Perucetus is proof that whales didn’t have to attend till just lately to get big. “Crucial message just isn’t that we are able to enter the Guinness Ebook of World Information,” stated Dr. Amson. “It’s that there’s one other path to gigantism.”
